# Programmatic G-Code & Code-First CAD — Complete Reference
# Generated from https://kylegrover.github.io/gcode-knowledge-site/
# Feed this to an LLM for context about code-CAD and G-code tools.
#
# Total items: 197

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CODE-FIRST CAD
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Design 3D models by writing code instead of clicking in a GUI. Parametric, reproducible, version-controllable. See also the curated-code-cad list.

--- B-Rep / Solid Modeling ---
Boundary Representation is the industry-standard approach. These tools build geometry from faces, edges, and vertices  --  most backed by the OpenCASCADE kernel.

  CadQuery (2014)
  URL: https://github.com/CadQuery/cadquery
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, opencascade, open-source, brep, parametric
  Python parametric CAD with a chainable fluent API on top of OpenCASCADE. Large community, mature. See also awesome-cadquery.

  Build123d (2022)
  URL: https://github.com/gumyr/build123d
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, opencascade, open-source, brep, parametric
  Next-gen Python CAD evolved from CadQuery. Pythonic context managers, both CSG tree and feature-stack workflows. Heading toward stable 1.0. See bd_warehouse for a parametric parts library.

  pythonOCC (2008)
  URL: https://github.com/tpaviot/pythonocc-core
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, opencascade, open-source, brep, academic
  Low-level Python bindings to nearly all OpenCASCADE classes. STEP/IGES/STL/GLTF I/O. 400+ academic citations.

  FreeCAD (2002)
  URL: https://github.com/FreeCAD/FreeCAD
  Website: https://www.freecad.org/
  Tech: Python, C++
  Tags: python, opencascade, open-source, brep, parametric, gui
  Full parametric CAD application with deeply integrated Python API. Nearly everything is scriptable. Milestone v1.0 released.

  Dune3D (2023)
  URL: https://dune3d.org/
  GitHub: https://github.com/dune3d/dune3d
  Tech: C++, Gtk4
  Tags: c++, opencascade, open-source, brep, parametric, gui
  Parametric 3D CAD combining SolveSpace's constraint solver with OpenCASCADE geometry. Modern Gtk4 UI. STEP import/export.

  SolveSpace (2008)
  URL: https://solvespace.com/
  Github: https://github.com/solvespace/solvespace
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, brep, parametric, constraint-solver, gui
  Lightweight parametric 2D/3D CAD with a powerful geometric constraint solver. Exports STEP, STL, DXF, PDF. Also usable as a C library.

  BRL-CAD (1979)
  URL: https://brlcad.org/
  Github: https://github.com/BRL-CAD/brlcad
  Tech: C, Tcl
  Tags: c, open-source, csg, ray-tracing, military, historic
  One of the oldest open-source CAD systems (since 1979). CSG solid modeling, ray tracing, geometric analysis. Originally developed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory.

  Replicad (2022)
  URL: https://replicad.xyz/
  GitHub: https://github.com/sgenoud/replicad
  Github: https://github.com/sgenoud/replicad
  Tech: TypeScript, WASM
  Tags: typescript, opencascade, open-source, brep, browser, wasm
  TypeScript library for browser-based 3D CAD on top of opencascade.js. CadQuery-inspired API. Embeddable in any web app. Online workbench included.

  cqparts (2017)
  URL: https://github.com/cqparts/cqparts
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, opencascade, open-source, brep, assembly
  Assembly framework for CadQuery. Define parametric parts and assemblies with constraints. BOM generation, exploded views, STEP export. Think "CadQuery for multi-part designs."

  Topologic (2018)
  URL: https://github.com/wassimj/Topologic
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, topology, architecture, academic
  Spatial modeling library supporting non-manifold topology for architecture and engineering. Integrates with Blender (via Sverchok), Dynamo, and Python. Academic roots.

--- CSG & Mesh-Based ---
Constructive Solid Geometry combines primitives with boolean operations. These tools work directly with meshes or CSG trees.

  OpenSCAD (2010)
  URL: https://openscad.org/
  Github: https://github.com/openscad/openscad
  Tech: OpenSCAD DSL
  Tags: openscad, open-source, csg, dsl, parametric
  The original code-CAD tool. Custom DSL for CSG modeling. Now integrating the Manifold engine for ~100x speedups. See also SolidPython for a Python frontend.

  SolidPython2 (2021)
  URL: https://github.com/jeff-dh/SolidPython
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, openscad, open-source, csg
  Python frontend for OpenSCAD. Write Python, generate .scad files. v2 adds operator overloading, chained transforms, and an improved API over the original SolidPython.

  BOSL2 (2019)
  URL: https://github.com/BelfrySCAD/BOSL2
  Tech: OpenSCAD
  Tags: openscad, open-source, library, csg
  The Belfry OpenScad v2 Library  --  massive standard library for OpenSCAD. Threading, beziers, rounding, joints, hinges, gears, polyhedra, and much more. Essential for serious OpenSCAD work.

  NopSCADlib (2019)
  URL: https://github.com/nophead/NopSCADlib
  Tech: OpenSCAD
  Tags: openscad, open-source, library, hardware, 3d-printing
  OpenSCAD library of common 3D printer/CNC parts: vitamins (screws, bearings, stepper motors, etc.), printed parts, and assemblies. Auto-generates BOMs and assembly instructions.

  JSCAD (OpenJSCAD) (2012)
  URL: https://github.com/jscad/OpenJSCAD.org
  Website: https://www.jscad.xyz/
  Tech: JavaScript
  Tags: javascript, open-source, csg, browser, parametric
  Modular browser and CLI tools for parametric 2D/3D designs with JavaScript. Exports STL, DXF, SVG. V3 in development.

  Manifold (2022)
  URL: https://github.com/elalish/manifold
  Website: https://manifoldcad.org/
  Tech: C++, JS, Python, WASM
  Tags: c++, javascript, python, open-source, mesh, booleans, gpu, wasm
  High-performance geometry library for guaranteed-manifold mesh Booleans. GPU-parallel, ~100x faster than OpenSCAD. JS/Python/C bindings. Now an OpenSCAD backend. See ManifoldCAD for a browser editor.

  MicroCAD (2024)
  URL: https://codeberg.org/microcad/microcad
  Tech: Rust
  Tags: rust, open-source, csg, dsl
  Description language for parameterizable geometric objects, compiled to STL/SVG. Funded by the German Prototype Fund (2025).

  ShapeScript (2019)
  URL: https://github.com/nicklockwood/ShapeScript
  Tech: Swift
  Tags: swift, open-source, csg, macos, ios, dsl
  Mac/iOS app for creating 3D models using a simple scripting language. CSG operations, extrusion, lathe, loft, fill, text. Exports STL, DAE, OBJ, SCN, 3MF.

--- SDF & Implicit Modeling ---
Represent shapes as mathematical distance functions. Smooth booleans, real-time GPU rendering, and unique modeling workflows. Increasingly relevant for generative manufacturing.

  Fidget (2023)
  URL: https://github.com/mkeeter/fidget
  Tech: Rust
  Tags: rust, open-source, sdf, implicit, jit, gpu
  Blazing-fast implicit surface evaluation by Matt Keeter. Hand-written JIT compiler (aarch64/x86_64), interval evaluation, Manifold Dual Contouring meshing. Successor to libfive.

  libfive (2015)
  URL: https://github.com/libfive/libfive
  Tech: C++, Python, Guile
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, sdf, implicit, frep
  Infrastructure for solid modeling using f-rep (implicit functions). Includes "Studio" GUI for live-coding with Python or Guile. By Matt Keeter.

  ImplicitCAD (2011)
  URL: https://github.com/Haskell-Things/ImplicitCAD
  Tech: Haskell
  Tags: haskell, open-source, sdf, implicit, csg, gcode
  Math-inspired programmatic CAD in Haskell. CSG, bevels, shells, 2D G-code generation. OpenSCAD-like syntax with Haskell extensibility.

  Curv (2017)
  URL: https://github.com/curv3d/curv
  Tech: C++, GLSL
  Tags: c++, open-source, sdf, implicit, gpu, generative-art
  Open-source language for making art using mathematics. SDF shapes, full color, animation, 3D printing export. GPU-accelerated.

  sdf (fogleman) (2019)
  URL: https://github.com/fogleman/sdf
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, sdf, marching-cubes
  Simple SDF mesh generation in Python with Marching Cubes. NumPy-accelerated, multi-threaded. Compact and easy to use.

  sdfx (2019)
  URL: https://github.com/deadsy/sdfx
  Tech: Go
  Tags: go, open-source, sdf
  SDF-based CAD kernel in Go. Supports fillets and chamfers.

  SDF Modeler
  URL: https://sascha-rode.itch.io/sdf-modeler
  Tech: Desktop
  Tags: desktop, sdf, free, gui
  Desktop 3D modeler with non-destructive procedural SDF workflow. Auto-retopology, mesh export, vertex colors. Free for commercial use.

  SDFeditor
  URL: https://www.sleditor.com/SDFeditor.html
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, sdf, node-graph, free
  Node-graph-based web SDF editor. Visual programming approach to building SDF scenes.

  editSDF
  URL: https://stephaneginier.com/archive/editSDF/
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, sdf, free
  SDF field editor by Stephane Ginier (creator of SculptGL / Nomad Sculpt).

  Inigo Quilez
  URL: https://iquilezles.org/
  Tech: GLSL, Reference
  Tags: resource, sdf, reference, glsl, raymarching
  The definitive resource for SDF primitives, operators, and raymarching techniques. Essential reading.

  nTopology
  URL: https://www.ntop.com/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, sdf, implicit, engineering
  Commercial computational design using implicit modeling with field-driven geometry. Aerospace, medical, automotive. Not open source.

--- Visual & Node-Based ---
Program geometry through visual dataflow graphs instead of text code. Connect nodes to build parametric pipelines.

  Grasshopper (Rhino)
  URL: https://www.grasshopper3d.com/
  Tech: Rhino, C#, Python
  Tags: visual-programming, commercial, node-graph, parametric, architecture
  The original visual programming environment for computational design. Ships with Rhino. Massive plugin ecosystem (Kangaroo physics, Ladybug environmental analysis, Karamba structural). Industry standard in architecture and industrial design.

  Blender Geometry Nodes
  URL: https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/modeling/geometry_nodes/index.html
  Tech: Blender
  Tags: blender, open-source, node-graph, procedural, parametric
  Built-in node-based geometry system in Blender. Procedural modeling, scattering, mesh operations, simulation. Rapidly evolving  --  a serious parametric design tool.

  Sverchok (2013)
  URL: https://github.com/nortikin/sverchok
  Tech: Blender, Python
  Tags: blender, python, open-source, node-graph, parametric, generative
  Powerful parametric design addon for Blender. 500+ nodes for generative art, architecture, engineering. Often compared to Grasshopper. Python-scriptable nodes.

  Antimony (2013)
  URL: https://github.com/mkeeter/antimony
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, node-graph, implicit, historic
  Node-based CAD tool by Matt Keeter (creator of libfive/Fidget). Graph-based design with implicit functions. No longer maintained but influential.

  bitbybit
  URL: https://bitbybit.dev/
  Tech: TypeScript, Browser
  Tags: typescript, browser, node-graph, opencascade, parametric
  Visual node editor with TypeScript programming interface for 3D modeling in the browser. Uses multiple geometry kernels (JSCAD, OpenCASCADE, Manifold).

--- Blender as CAD ---
Blender is not traditionally a CAD tool, but its Python API, add-ons, and Geometry Nodes make it increasingly viable for parametric and programmatic modeling.

  Blender Python API
  URL: https://docs.blender.org/api/current/
  Tech: Python, Blender
  Tags: blender, python, open-source, scripting
  Full scripting API for Blender (bpy). Create, modify, and export geometry programmatically. Headless mode for batch processing. Massive ecosystem.

  CAD Sketcher (2021)
  URL: https://github.com/hlorus/CAD_Sketcher
  Tech: Blender, Python
  Tags: blender, python, open-source, constraint-solver, sketching
  Blender addon adding constraint-based 2D sketching (like SolveSpace inside Blender). Geometric and dimensional constraints, then extrude to 3D.

  BlenderBIM (2019)
  URL: https://blenderbim.org/
  Github: https://github.com/IfcOpenShell/IfcOpenShell
  Tech: Blender, Python
  Tags: blender, python, open-source, bim, architecture, ifc
  Full BIM (Building Information Modeling) suite inside Blender. IFC support, parametric architecture, structural analysis. Built on IfcOpenShell.

  Blender GIS (2014)
  URL: https://github.com/domlysz/BlenderGIS
  Tech: Blender, Python
  Tags: blender, python, open-source, gis, terrain
  Import geographic data (shapefiles, georeferenced rasters, OSM) into Blender. Create 3D terrain and urban models for CNC/3D printing.

--- Rust CAD Kernels ---
A new generation of CAD kernels written in Rust, targeting memory safety, WASM compilation, and modern APIs.

  Fornjot (2021)
  URL: https://github.com/hannobraun/fornjot
  Tech: Rust
  Tags: rust, open-source, brep, kernel
  Early-stage B-Rep CAD kernel in Rust. CSG, sketches, sweeps. Define models directly in Rust code. Presented at FOSDEM 2026.

  Truck (2021)
  URL: https://github.com/ricosjp/truck
  Tech: Rust, WASM
  Tags: rust, open-source, brep, kernel, nurbs, wasm
  Shape processing kernel in Rust. STEP I/O, NURBS, Boolean ops. WASM-compilable. Geometry kernel for CADmium.


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PROGRAMMATIC G-CODE GENERATION
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Write code to produce machine instructions directly, instead of going through a slicer. This enables parametric designs, mathematical patterns, and geometries impossible with conventional workflows.

--- G-Code Generation Libraries ---

  FullControl (2022)
  URL: https://github.com/FullControlXYZ/fullcontrol
  Website: https://fullcontrol.xyz/
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, 3d-printing, parametric
  The leading open-source Python library for programmatic G-code. Design everything about a print path: every point, speed, temperature, and extrusion parameter. Think "hotmelt glue gun"  --  you decide exactly where it moves. Includes interactive Colab tutorials, a design template, and a YouTube playlist. Pre-made parametric designs at fullcontrol.xyz.

  fullcontrol-js (2025)
  URL: https://github.com/kylegrover/fullcontrol-js
  Npm: https://www.npmjs.com/package/fullcontrol-js
  Docs: https://kylegrover.github.io/fullcontrol-js/
  Tech: TypeScript, npm, ESM + CJS
  Tags: typescript, open-source, gcode, 3d-printing, browser, npm
  Complete TypeScript rewrite of FullControl. Browser-first, Node-compatible, zero dependencies, tree-shakeable. 23 automated parity tests all passing against Python v0.1.2. 13 geometry modules, 20+ printer profiles, visualization pipeline with color gradients.

  mecode (2013)
  URL: https://github.com/jminardi/mecode
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode
  Simple Python library for G-code generation. Human-readable layer above G-code with commands for lines, arcs, rectangles, and meanders.

  pygcode (2018)
  URL: https://pypi.org/project/pygcode/
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, parser
  Python G-code parser and generation library. Parse, inspect, and generate standard G-code programmatically.

  PythonicGcodeMachine
  URL: https://fabricesalvaire.github.io/pythonic-gcode-machine/
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, parser, rs274
  Python toolkit for RS-274 / ISO G-code. Focused on parsing and interpreting standard G-code specifications.

  pygdk (2017)
  URL: https://github.com/cilynx/pygdk
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, cnc
  Python G-code Development Kit. Generate G-code for CNC machines directly from object features, bypassing abstract design and slicing.

  LinuxCNC G-Code Generators
  URL: https://github.com/LinuxCNC/simple-gcode-generators
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, cnc, linuxcnc
  Collection of simple Python G-code generators from the LinuxCNC project.

--- G-Code IDEs & Editors ---
Integrated environments for writing code that produces G-code.

  py2g (2024)
  URL: https://py2g.com
  GitHub: https://github.com/kylegrover/py2g
  Tech: Next.js, Pyodide, WebGPU, Tauri, Monaco
  Tags: typescript, python, open-source, gcode, browser, ide, webgpu, ai, pyodide
  Write Python in the browser to generate G-code  --  no install needed. Uses Pyodide WASM to run FullControl natively in-browser. Monaco editor with AI-assisted coding, WebGPU 3D preview via @use-gpu. Also available as a Tauri desktop app with bundled uv Python environment. Future plans include CadQuery / Build123d integration.

  js2g (2025)
  URL: https://js2g.com
  GitHub: https://github.com/kylegrover/py2g
  Tech: Next.js, fullcontrol-js, WebGPU, Monaco
  Tags: typescript, javascript, open-source, gcode, browser, ide, webgpu, ai, fullcontrol-js
  Write JavaScript in the browser to generate G-code using fullcontrol-js. Same platform as py2g with shared Monaco editor, AI code assist, and WebGPU 3D preview  --  but runs pure JS with zero WASM overhead. Instant execution, no compilation step.


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CAM & SLICING
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Turn 3D geometry into machine-readable toolpaths. Slicers convert STL/3MF to G-code for 3D printers; CAM tools generate toolpaths for CNC mills, lathes, and routers.

--- Open-Source Slicers ---
All of these have CLI interfaces and can be driven programmatically  --  essential for automated pipelines.

  PrusaSlicer (2018)
  URL: https://github.com/prusa3d/PrusaSlicer
  Website: https://www.prusa3d.com/page/prusaslicer_424/
  Tech: C++, CLI
  Tags: c++, open-source, slicer, 3d-printing, cli, fdm, sla
  Feature-rich slicer forked from Slic3r. Extensive CLI for batch slicing, profile management, and integration into automated workflows. Supports FDM and SLA. Powers many derivative slicers.

  OrcaSlicer (2023)
  URL: https://github.com/SoftFever/OrcaSlicer
  Tech: C++, CLI
  Tags: c++, open-source, slicer, 3d-printing, cli, klipper
  Community-driven slicer forked from Bambu Studio/PrusaSlicer. Multi-printer support, auto-calibration, Klipper integration. CLI available. Rapidly growing community.

  CuraEngine (2013)
  URL: https://github.com/Ultimaker/CuraEngine
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, slicer, 3d-printing, cli, engine
  The slicing engine behind Ultimaker Cura. C++ library that can be integrated into other applications or driven via CLI. Powerful and well-documented.

  Slic3r (2011)
  URL: https://github.com/slic3r/Slic3r
  Website: https://slic3r.org/
  Tech: C++, Perl
  Tags: c++, perl, open-source, slicer, 3d-printing, cli, historic
  The original open-source slicer that spawned PrusaSlicer, SuperSlicer, and BambuStudio. Perl/C++ with CLI. Still maintained for CNC/laser use cases.

  SuperSlicer (2020)
  URL: https://github.com/supermerill/SuperSlicer
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, slicer, 3d-printing
  PrusaSlicer fork with additional features: calibration tools, more infill patterns, thin wall detection, pressure/flow calibration. Development paused as of late 2024.

--- CAM / Toolpath Generation ---
Tools for generating CNC toolpaths from 2D/3D geometry.

  Kiri:Moto (2014)
  URL: https://grid.space/kiri/
  Github: https://github.com/GridSpace/grid-apps
  Tech: JavaScript, Browser
  Tags: javascript, open-source, cam, slicer, browser, cnc, laser
  Browser-based slicer and CAM tool. FDM slicing, CNC milling (2.5D and 3-axis), laser cutting. All computation runs client-side. Surprisingly capable for a web app.

  FreeCAD Path Workbench
  URL: https://wiki.freecad.org/Path_Workbench
  Tech: Python, FreeCAD
  Tags: python, open-source, cam, cnc, freecad
  CNC toolpath generation integrated into FreeCAD. 2.5D and 3D operations, tool library, post-processors for various controllers. Fully scriptable via Python.

  PyCAM (2008)
  URL: https://github.com/SebKuworking/pycam
  Website: https://pycam.sourceforge.io/
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, cam, cnc, milling
  Open-source 3-axis CAM toolpath generator. Imports STL/DXF, generates G-code for CNC milling. Supports contour, surface, and engrave strategies.

  dxf2gcode
  URL: https://sourceforge.net/projects/dxf2gcode/
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, cam, cnc, dxf
  Converts DXF drawings to CNC G-code. Supports milling and drag knife cutting. Tool compensation, automatic optimization of cutting order.

  OpenCAMLib (2010)
  URL: https://github.com/aewallin/opencamlib
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, cam, cnc, library
  C++ library for computing CNC toolpaths. Drop-cutter, push-cutter, and waterline algorithms. Python bindings. Used in FreeCAD Path.

  Blender CAM (2012)
  URL: https://github.com/vilemduha/blendercam
  Tech: Blender, Python
  Tags: blender, python, open-source, cam, cnc
  Blender addon for CNC machining. Generates toolpaths from Blender geometry. 3-axis and limited 4/5-axis, various milling strategies.

  F-Engrave (2014)
  URL: https://github.com/stephenhouser/f-engrave
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, cam, cnc, engraving
  Converts text, DXF, or bitmap images to G-code for CNC engraving. V-carving, raster engraving, and DXF import. Popular for sign-making.

--- CNC Firmware & Control ---
The firmware that interprets G-code on the machine. Many expose APIs for programmatic control.

  Klipper (2016)
  URL: https://www.klipper3d.org/
  Github: https://github.com/Klipper3d/klipper
  Tech: Python, C
  Tags: python, c, open-source, firmware, 3d-printing, scripting
  Advanced 3D printer firmware running on a host computer (Raspberry Pi) + microcontroller. Python-based configuration, macros, and scripting. Pressure advance, input shaping, high-speed printing.

  Marlin (2011)
  URL: https://marlinfw.org/
  Github: https://github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, firmware, 3d-printing
  The most widely-used open-source 3D printer firmware. Runs on AVR and ARM boards. Extensive G-code support, linear advance, auto bed leveling.

  grbl (2009)
  URL: https://github.com/gnea/grbl
  Tech: C
  Tags: c, open-source, firmware, cnc, arduino
  High-performance G-code interpreter for Arduino/AVR. The standard for hobby CNC mills, laser engravers, and small routers. Compact, fast, well-understood.

  FluidNC (2021)
  URL: https://github.com/bdring/FluidNC
  Tech: C++, ESP32
  Tags: c++, open-source, firmware, cnc, esp32, wifi
  Next-gen CNC firmware for ESP32. YAML-based configuration, WiFi, Bluetooth, SD card. grbl-compatible. Modern replacement for Grbl_ESP32.

  LinuxCNC (1993)
  URL: https://linuxcnc.org/
  Github: https://github.com/LinuxCNC/linuxcnc
  Tech: C, Python, Linux
  Tags: c, python, open-source, firmware, cnc, linux, industrial
  Full CNC control system running on Linux with real-time kernel. Supports up to 9 axes. HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) for custom I/O. Python and G-code scripting. Industry-proven.

  RepRapFirmware (2014)
  URL: https://github.com/Duet3D/RepRapFirmware
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, firmware, 3d-printing, api, duet
  Advanced 3D printer firmware for Duet boards. Macro system, object model API, HTTP/MQTT control, conditional G-code. Runs its own web interface (DWC).

  grblHAL (2018)
  URL: https://github.com/grblHAL
  Tech: C
  Tags: c, open-source, firmware, cnc, 32-bit
  32-bit evolution of grbl. Runs on ARM, ESP32, RP2040. Adds networking, SD card, spindle sync, plasma THC, lathe threading, and more. Drop-in grbl replacement.

  Smoothieware (2011)
  URL: https://github.com/Smoothieware/Smoothieware
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, firmware, 3d-printing, cnc, laser
  G-code interpreter for LPC17xx/STM32 boards. Supports 3D printers, CNC mills, and laser cutters. Modular, configurable via SD card text files.

  TinyG (2012)
  URL: https://github.com/synthetos/TinyG
  Tech: C
  Tags: c, open-source, firmware, cnc, 6-axis, json-api
  6-axis motion control system by Synthetos. JSON-based API, jerk-controlled motion planning. Foundation for g2core (next-gen ARM port).


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GEOMETRY PROCESSING
================================================================================
Libraries and tools for mesh manipulation, computational geometry, and file format conversion  --  the infrastructure layer that code-CAD tools are built on.

--- Geometry Kernels & Engines ---
The computational engines behind CAD tools.

  OpenCASCADE (OCCT) (1999)
  URL: https://dev.opencascade.org/
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, kernel, brep, nurbs, step
  The industrial-strength open-source B-Rep geometry kernel. Powers CadQuery, Build123d, FreeCAD, pythonOCC, and dozens of commercial products. STEP/IGES/BREP native. C++ with SWIG bindings.

  CGAL (1996)
  URL: https://www.cgal.org/
  Github: https://github.com/CGAL/cgal
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, kernel, computational-geometry, academic
  Computational Geometry Algorithms Library. Mesh generation, Boolean operations, convex hulls, Voronoi diagrams, surface reconstruction, and much more. Academic gold standard. C++ with Python bindings (scikit-geometry).

  OpenCascade.js (2020)
  URL: https://ocjs.org/
  Tech: WASM, JavaScript
  Tags: javascript, open-source, wasm, opencascade, browser
  The foundational WASM port of OpenCASCADE powering CascadeStudio, Replicad, Chili3D, and others. Near-native speeds with multi-threading.

--- Mesh Processing Libraries ---
Tools for manipulating triangle meshes  --  the common exchange format between CAD, simulation, and manufacturing.

  Trimesh (2014)
  URL: https://github.com/mikedh/trimesh
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, mesh, stl, repair
  The go-to Python library for triangle meshes. Load/save 30+ formats, boolean operations, ray casting, voxelization, convex decomposition, section planes, repair. Used everywhere.

  numpy-stl (2013)
  URL: https://github.com/WoLpH/numpy-stl
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, mesh, stl, numpy
  Fast STL file reading/writing in Python using NumPy arrays. Simple and efficient for batch processing STL files.

  Open3D (2018)
  URL: https://www.open3d.org/
  Github: https://github.com/isl-org/Open3D
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, mesh, point-cloud, visualization
  Modern library for 3D data processing. Point clouds, meshes, RGBD images, voxels. Reconstruction, registration, visualization. C++ core with Python bindings. By Intel ISL.

  libigl (2013)
  URL: https://libigl.github.io/
  Github: https://github.com/libigl/libigl
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, mesh, academic, geometry
  Header-only C++ geometry processing library. Discrete differential geometry, mesh editing, parametrization, decimation, remeshing. Python bindings. Academic workhorse.

  PyMesh (2016)
  URL: https://github.com/PyMesh/PyMesh
  Tech: Python, C++
  Tags: python, c++, open-source, mesh, boolean, repair
  Geometry processing library wrapping CGAL, libigl, Triangle, TetGen, Qhull. Boolean operations, mesh repair, wire network inflation, self-intersection detection.

  MeshLab (PyMeshLab) (2005)
  URL: https://www.meshlab.net/
  Github: https://github.com/cnr-isti-vclab/meshlab
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, mesh, repair, gui, scripting
  Open-source mesh processing tool with 100+ filters. PyMeshLab exposes all filters as a Python API for scripting and automation.

  VTK (1993)
  URL: https://vtk.org/
  Github: https://github.com/Kitware/VTK
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, mesh, visualization, scientific
  Visualization Toolkit by Kitware. Comprehensive 3D data processing, rendering, and interaction. C++ core with Python bindings. Foundation for ParaView and many scientific visualization tools.

--- File Format & Interchange ---
Tools for reading, writing, converting, and repairing 3D file formats.

  lib3mf (2016)
  URL: https://github.com/3MFConsortium/lib3mf
  Website: https://3mf.io/
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, 3mf, file-format
  Official C++ SDK for the 3MF file format  --  the modern replacement for STL. Supports multi-material, full color, lattice extensions. Python, C#, Go bindings.

  Assimp (2006)
  URL: https://github.com/assimp/assimp
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, file-format, import, multi-format
  Open Asset Import Library. Reads 40+ 3D file formats (STL, OBJ, FBX, GLTF, STEP, etc.) into a unified in-memory format. C/C++ with Python and many other bindings.

  cadexchanger
  URL: https://cadexchanger.com/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, file-format, step, iges, conversion
  Commercial SDK and desktop tool for converting between CAD formats (STEP, IGES, JT, Parasolid, ACIS, etc.). High-fidelity B-Rep conversion.

  MeshFix (2010)
  URL: https://github.com/MarcoAttworking/MeshFix-V2.1
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, mesh, repair, 3d-printing
  Automatic repair of triangle meshes. Fixes holes, self-intersections, degenerate faces. Produces watertight meshes suitable for 3D printing.


================================================================================
VISUALIZATION & SIMULATION
================================================================================
Preview, verify, analyze, and simulate G-code and manufacturing processes before sending instructions to a machine.

--- Web-Based G-Code Viewers ---

  NC Viewer
  URL: https://ncviewer.com/
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, free, gcode, cnc, viewer
  The go-to free online G-code viewer and CNC simulator. Widely used for quick verification.

  3DPEA G-Code Simulator
  URL: https://www.3dpea.com/en/gcode-simulator
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, free, gcode, 3d-printing, viewer, simulation
  Free online viewer with animated toolpath simulation, 2D/3D switching, speed-based coloring, print time estimation, and G-code to STL/3MF conversion.

  gCodeViewer
  URL: https://gcode.ws/
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, open-source, gcode, 3d-printing, viewer
  Open-source online G-code visualizer and analyzer. Print time estimation, filament usage, layer-by-layer view.

  webgcode
  URL: https://nraynaud.github.io/webgcode/
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, open-source, gcode, cnc, viewer
  Open-source online G-code simulator. Also imports STL, SVG, Gerber, and Excellon files.

  CutViewer
  URL: https://cutviewer.com/
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, free, gcode, cnc, viewer
  Free browser-based CNC G-code viewer with animated cutting process visualization. Supports .nc/.gcode/.tap/.ngc.

  PrintPal G-Code Viewer
  URL: https://printpal.io/tools/gcode-viewer
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, free, gcode, 3d-printing, viewer
  Free online analyzer for PrusaSlicer, Cura, Bambu Studio, OrcaSlicer. Shows layer paths, print time, filament usage.

  Zupfe
  URL: https://zupfe.velor.ca/
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, open-source, gcode, 3d-printing, viewer, octoprint
  Click any extrusion to find the exact G-code command. OctoPrint plugin for real-time print progress tracking.

  GCodeAnalyser
  URL: https://www.gcodeanalyser.com/
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, free, gcode, 3d-printing, analysis
  Accurate print time estimation accounting for acceleration/jerk, average speed, and per-layer statistics.

--- JavaScript / npm Libraries ---

  gcode-preview (2020)
  URL: https://github.com/xyz-tools/gcode-preview
  Tech: TypeScript, npm
  Tags: typescript, open-source, gcode, npm, threejs, viewer
  The most popular npm G-code library. TypeScript parser & 3D previewer using Three.js. Multi-tool coloring, arc support. v3.0.0-alpha in development.

  gcode-viewer (aligator)
  URL: https://github.com/aligator/gcode-viewer
  Tech: JavaScript
  Tags: javascript, open-source, gcode, threejs, viewer
  Three.js viewer that renders lines as meshes (not GL lines) so line thickness works cross-platform.

  @polar3d/gcode-viewer
  URL: https://github.com/Polar3D/gcode-viewer
  Tech: JavaScript
  Tags: javascript, open-source, gcode, threejs, viewer
  Lightweight, framework-agnostic viewer on Three.js. Layer-by-layer viewing, 3D tube rendering, 5 color themes, G2/G3 arc support.

  @sindarius/gcodeviewer
  URL: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@sindarius/gcodeviewer
  Tech: JavaScript
  Tags: javascript, open-source, gcode, npm, viewer, duet
  Used in Duet Web Control for RepRapFirmware. Simulation playback and real-time print line tracking.

  react-gcode-viewer
  URL: https://github.com/gabotechs/react-gcode-viewer
  Tech: React
  Tags: react, open-source, gcode, npm, viewer
  Drop-in React component for G-code visualization using Three.js.

  Three.js GCodeLoader
  URL: https://threejs.org/examples/webgl_loader_gcode.html
  Tech: Three.js
  Tags: javascript, open-source, gcode, threejs, loader
  Built-in Three.js addon for G-code files. Renders layered 3D printing toolpaths. Part of the Three.js examples.

--- Desktop Viewers & Senders ---

  PrusaSlicer G-Code Viewer
  URL: https://help.prusa3d.com/article/prusaslicer-g-code-viewer_193152
  Tech: C++
  Tags: desktop, open-source, gcode, 3d-printing, viewer
  Lightweight standalone viewer shipped with PrusaSlicer. Works with G-code from any slicer. Color-codes by feature type, speed, temperature.

  CAMotics (2014)
  URL: https://camotics.org/
  Tech: C++
  Tags: desktop, open-source, gcode, cnc, simulation
  Open-source 3-axis CNC G-code simulator. Visualizes material removal in 3D, calculates machining time. Formerly "OpenSCAM."

  Repetier-Host
  URL: https://www.repetier.com/
  Tech: Desktop
  Tags: desktop, free, gcode, 3d-printing, viewer, sender
  Desktop 3D printing host with built-in G-code editor and 3D visualization. Layer-by-layer inspection, travel move display.

  Universal Gcode Sender (UGS) (2012)
  URL: https://winder.github.io/ugs_website/
  Tech: Java
  Tags: java, open-source, gcode, cnc, sender, grbl
  Cross-platform Java GRBL/FluidNC sender with 3D toolpath visualization, macros, and jog controls.

  CNCjs (2015)
  URL: https://cnc.js.org/
  Tech: Node.js
  Tags: javascript, open-source, gcode, cnc, sender, web
  Web-based G-code sender for GRBL/Marlin/Smoothieware with 3D toolpath visualization. Runs on Raspberry Pi.

  gSender
  URL: https://sienci.com/gsender/
  Tech: Electron
  Tags: desktop, free, gcode, cnc, sender
  Free CNC control software by Sienci Labs. 3D toolpath visualization, laser intensity preview, cut time estimation.

  Candle (2015)
  URL: https://github.com/Denvi/Candle
  Tech: C++, Qt
  Tags: c++, open-source, gcode, cnc, sender, grbl
  Qt-based GRBL controller with G-code visualizer, console, and real-time machine state monitoring.

  bCNC (2015)
  URL: https://github.com/vlachoudis/bCNC
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, cnc, sender, grbl
  Python GRBL controller with visualization, auto-leveling, toolpath optimization, and DXF/SVG import.

--- Klipper / OctoPrint Interfaces ---

  Mainsail G-Code Viewer
  URL: https://docs.mainsail.xyz/overview/settings/g-code-viewer
  Tech: Vue.js
  Tags: browser, open-source, gcode, klipper, viewer
  Built-in 3D viewer in Mainsail (Klipper web UI). Most powerful of the Klipper frontends with customizable colors.

  Fluidd G-Code Viewer
  URL: https://docs.fluidd.xyz/features/gcode-viewer
  Tech: Vue.js
  Tags: browser, open-source, gcode, klipper, viewer
  2D layer-by-layer visualization in Fluidd (Klipper). Auto-follows print progress with Exclude Object support.

  PrettyGCode
  URL: https://github.com/Kragrathea/OctoPrint-PrettyGCode
  Tech: OctoPrint
  Tags: javascript, open-source, gcode, octoprint, viewer
  OctoPrint plugin: full WebGL 3D G-code visualizer with real-time print progress animation.

  PrintTimeGenius
  URL: https://plugins.octoprint.org/plugins/PrintTimeGenius/
  Tech: OctoPrint
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, octoprint, analysis
  OctoPrint plugin running Marlin firmware simulation for line-by-line print time accuracy, often within 0.2% of actual.

--- Python G-Code Libraries ---

  pyGCodeDecode (2023)
  URL: https://github.com/FAST-LB/pyGCodeDecode
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, simulation, motion-planning
  Time-accurate G-code simulation replicating grbl motion planning (Classic Jerk, Junction Deviation). Published in JOSS (2024).

  gcode-simulator
  URL: https://pypi.org/project/gcode-simulator/
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, simulation
  Analyzes and simulates G-code toolpaths with junction deviation modeling, time estimation, and boundary calculation.

  gcodeparser
  URL: https://pypi.org/project/gcodeparser/
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, gcode, parser
  Parses G-code lines extracting commands, parameters, and comments. Round-trip support.

--- Rust G-Code Crates ---

  gcode-rs
  URL: https://crates.io/crates/g-code
  Tech: Rust
  Tags: rust, open-source, gcode, parser, embedded, no-std
  Streaming G-code parser for #[no_std] embedded use. Retains source spans for error reporting.

  gcode-nom
  URL: https://github.com/martinfrances107/gcode-nom
  Tech: Rust
  Tags: rust, open-source, gcode, parser
  Full nom-based parser supporting .gcode and binary .bgcode. Includes bgcodeViewer visualization tool.

  gcode2obj
  URL: https://lib.rs/crates/gcode2obj
  Tech: Rust, Bevy
  Tags: rust, open-source, gcode, conversion, bevy
  Converts G-code to Wavefront OBJ for Blender import. Includes a Bevy app for real-time visualization.

--- VS Code Extensions ---

  G-code Genius
  URL: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=pavver.gcode-genius
  Tech: VS Code
  Tags: vscode, gcode, viewer, editor
  VSCode extension for visualizing, formatting, and editing G-code with an interactive 3D viewer.

  G-Code Syntax
  URL: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=appliedengdesign.vscode-gcode-syntax
  Tech: VS Code
  Tags: vscode, gcode, syntax-highlighting
  Comprehensive G-code language support for VSCode  --  syntax highlighting, turning VSCode into a G-code editor.

--- CNC Editors & Backplotters ---

  CIMCO Edit
  URL: https://www.cimco.com/software/cimco-edit/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, gcode, cnc, editor, simulation
  Industry-standard CNC editor with mill/turn backplotter, solid simulation, file compare, and DNC. Commercial.

  NCPlot
  URL: https://www.ncplot.com/
  Tech: Windows
  Tags: desktop, free, gcode, cnc, editor
  Free editor and backplotter for 4-axis mill and 2-axis lathe. Fanuc-compatible, instant verification.

  Discriminator
  URL: https://www.cncedit.com/
  Tech: Windows
  Tags: desktop, free, gcode, cnc, editor
  Free CNC editor/simulator with multi-viewport viewer, graphical compare, and VB.NET plugin support.

  NCneticNpp
  URL: https://github.com/NCalu/NCneticNpp
  Tech: Notepad++
  Tags: desktop, open-source, gcode, cnc, editor, notepad++
  Notepad++ plugin adding G-code syntax highlighting and 3D simulation/backplot preview.

--- Blender G-Code Integration ---

  Stitch3R
  URL: https://createinc.gumroad.com/l/stitch3r
  Tech: Blender
  Tags: blender, commercial, gcode, 3d-printing, rendering
  Blender add-on converting PrusaSlicer/OrcaSlicer/Bambu Studio G-code into photorealistic renderable 3D models and virtual printing time-lapses. Commercial.

  GCode-Parser-and-Viz
  URL: https://github.com/apetsiuk/GCode-Parser-and-Viz
  Tech: Blender, Python
  Tags: blender, python, open-source, gcode, viewer
  Blender scripts for parsing and visualizing PrusaSlicer G-code with Shell/Fill/Support separation.

--- Enterprise CNC Simulation ---

  Vericut (1988)
  URL: https://vericut.com/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, cnc, simulation, enterprise, digital-twin
  Industry-leading CNC simulation (since 1988). Digital twin approach, collision checking, multi-axis material removal. Commercial.

  NCSIMUL
  URL: https://cn.ncsimul.com/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, cnc, simulation, enterprise
  Comprehensive G-code verification for turning, drilling, 3-5 axis milling. Reportedly 3x faster than Vericut. Hexagon. Commercial.

  RoboDK
  URL: https://robodk.com/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, cnc, simulation, robotics
  Offline robot programming and simulation. Import/simulate/convert G-code for industrial robots. 100+ post processors. Commercial.

--- 3D Print Simulation ---
Predict what your print will actually look like, how it will deform, and whether it will survive real loads.

  VOLCO (2017)
  URL: https://github.com/FullControlXYZ/volco
  Tech: Python, NumPy, SciPy, Trimesh
  Tags: python, open-source, simulation, 3d-printing, voxel, fea
  Open-source voxel-based simulation from the FullControl team. Takes G-code, simulates material deposition with volume-conserving physics (bisection solver), and predicts final shape. Outputs STL via marching cubes. FEA module for structural analysis. Research-backed: VOLCO paper & VOLCO-X paper.

  VolcoGUI (2024)
  URL: https://github.com/kylegrover/volcogui
  Tech: Python, PyQt6, PyVista, VTK
  Tags: python, open-source, simulation, 3d-printing, gui, desktop
  Cross-platform desktop interface for VOLCO. Drag-and-drop G-code, configure voxel/step size, run simulations in background threads with live progress, view interactive 3D results in PyVista. Standalone Windows executable available.

  AdditiveFOAM (2021)
  URL: https://github.com/ORNL/AdditiveFOAM
  Tech: C++, OpenFOAM
  Tags: c++, open-source, simulation, metal-am, multiphysics
  Open-source continuum multiphysics code for AM from Oak Ridge National Lab. Built on OpenFOAM. Simulates heat and mass transfer in L-PBF and DED. Couples with ExaCA for microstructure prediction. Published in JOSS (2025). DOE-funded.

  OpenAM-SimCCX
  URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/21/4990
  Tech: CalculiX
  Tags: open-source, simulation, metal-am, fea, thermal
  Open-source thermo-mechanical AM simulation using CalculiX. Layer-by-layer element activation, scanning strategy simulation, validated to 94.7% accuracy. Published October 2025.

  MALAMUTE (MOOSE)
  URL: https://mooseframework.inl.gov/malamute/
  Tech: C++, MOOSE
  Tags: c++, open-source, simulation, metal-am, multiphysics
  AM simulation app on the MOOSE framework (Idaho National Lab). Models laser melting, welding, sintering. Combines mechanical contact, heat transport, phase field, and EM.

  Truchas / Truchas-PBF
  URL: https://www.truchas.org/
  Tech: Fortran
  Tags: fortran, open-source, simulation, metal-am, multiphysics
  Open-source multiphysics code from Los Alamos. Metal casting and PBF AM: incompressible flow, heat transfer, phase change, elastic/plastic mechanics. Modern Fortran. DOE-funded.

  PySLM (2019)
  URL: https://github.com/drlukeparry/pyslm
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, simulation, metal-am, slm, hatching
  Python library for SLM/SLS/EBM additive manufacturing. Generates scan paths and hatching patterns; slicing, support generation, overhang analysis, build-time estimation.

  Helio Additive "Dragon"
  URL: https://docs.helioadditive.com/
  Tech: Cloud
  Tags: cloud, commercial, simulation, 3d-printing, thermal
  Cloud-based voxel simulation integrated into OrcaSlicer via "Slice with Helio." Thermal Quality Index color map, layer speed optimization. Free simulation tier, paid optimization. ~250 material profiles planned.

  SmartSlice for Cura
  URL: https://www.tetoncomposites.com/smart-slice-for-cura
  Tech: Cura Plugin
  Tags: commercial, simulation, 3d-printing, fea, cura
  Cura plugin performing cloud-based FEA within the slicer. Structural validation and optimization of FFF print parameters. Reduces print time by 45%, material by 40%. Commercial (Teton/Markforged).

  Markforged Simulation
  URL: https://markforged.com/simulation
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, 3d-printing, composites
  Built into Eiger for continuous fiber 3D printing. Validates part strength/stiffness, auto-determines fiber reinforcement. Commercial.

  5minlab 3D Printer Simulator
  URL: https://5minlab.itch.io/3d-printer-simulator
  Tech: Unity
  Tags: free, simulation, 3d-printing, educational
  Visual FDM simulator mirroring real Ender 3 mechanics: nozzle movement, retraction, Bowden pressure lag, stringing, seam buildup. Educational. Free.

--- AI Print Monitoring & Failure Detection ---

  Obico (2020)
  URL: https://www.obico.io/
  Tech: Python, AI
  Tags: python, open-source, ai, 3d-printing, monitoring
  Open-source AI platform for real-time print failure detection. 89M+ hours monitored. Supports OctoPrint, Klipper, Bambu Lab. Cloud and self-hosted.

  PrintWatch
  URL: https://github.com/printpal-io/OctoPrint-PrintWatch
  Tech: Python, ML
  Tags: python, open-source, ai, 3d-printing, monitoring, octoprint
  OctoPrint plugin using ML to detect print defects in real-time from camera feed. Auto-pauses on failure. Open source.

--- Commercial Metal AM Simulation ---
The commercial landscape for metal additive simulation is mature. These are the major players  --  all proprietary.

  Simufact Additive
  URL: https://hexagon.com/products/simufact-additive
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, metal-am, fea
  Hexagon/MSC. Metal L-PBF and binder jetting: distortion, residual stress, temperature. Includes defect analysis module co-developed with Pratt & Whitney.

  Ansys Additive Suite
  URL: https://www.ansys.com/products/additive
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, metal-am, fea
  Full metal AM workflow: DfAM, distortion prediction, melt pool/porosity/microstructure. Inherent strain and element birth-and-death methods.

  Autodesk Netfabb
  URL: https://www.autodesk.com/products/netfabb/overview
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, metal-am
  Multiscale thermo-mechanical simulation of metal PBF and DED. Residual stress, distortion, support failure, recoater interference. Auto-compensation.

  FLOW-3D AM
  URL: https://www.flow3d.com/products/flow3d-am/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, metal-am, cfd
  High-fidelity CFD melt pool simulation: powder spreading, keyhole formation, porosity, spatter, binder jetting resin penetration. Microscale to mesoscale.

  Siemens Simcenter 3D AM
  URL: https://plm.sw.siemens.com/en-US/simcenter/simulation-test/additive-manufacturing-process-simulation/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, metal-am
  Distortion prediction and compensation integrated into NX. Supports PBF, FDM, multi-axis, multi-material.

  Altair Inspire Print3D
  URL: https://altair.com/inspire-print3d/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, metal-am
  Metal PBF and binder jetting: build, cooling, cutting, springback simulation. Delamination/overheating detection. Support optimization.

  Amphyon / 3DXpert
  URL: https://oqton.com/amphyon/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, metal-am
  Oqton/3D Systems. Orientation optimization, mechanical/thermal process simulation, distortion compensation, support optimization.

  Digimat-AM
  URL: https://simulatemore.mscsoftware.com/predictive-simulation-tools-for-additive-manufacturing/
  Tech: Commercial
  Tags: commercial, simulation, plastics, composites
  Hexagon. FDM and SLS for reinforced plastics/composites. Warpage, residual stress, porosity, anisotropic properties from fiber orientation.

--- General FEA / CFD Foundations ---
Open-source solvers that power many of the above AM simulation tools.

  CalculiX
  URL: http://www.calculix.de/
  Tech: Fortran, C
  Tags: fortran, c, open-source, fea, solver
  Open-source FEA solver (Abaqus-compatible input). Engine behind OpenAM-SimCCX. Nonlinear coupled thermal-structural analysis.

  OpenFOAM
  URL: https://www.openfoam.com/
  Tech: C++
  Tags: c++, open-source, cfd, solver
  Open-source CFD platform. Foundation for AdditiveFOAM. Used in melt pool research: powder spreading, Marangoni effects, multi-phase flow.

  FEniCS
  URL: https://fenicsproject.org/
  Tech: Python, C++
  Tags: python, c++, open-source, fea, solver
  Open-source FEM platform (Python/C++) for PDEs. Used in AM research for phase-field modeling of melt pool dynamics.

  MOOSE Framework
  URL: https://mooseframework.inl.gov/
  Tech: C++, Python
  Tags: c++, python, open-source, fea, multiphysics
  Idaho National Lab's open-source multi-physics FEM framework. Foundation for MALAMUTE and other AM tools. C++ and Python interfaces.


================================================================================
BROWSER-BASED CAD & MANUFACTURING
================================================================================
Design and manufacture without installing anything. These tools compile CAD kernels to WebAssembly and run entirely client-side.


  py2g (2024)
  URL: https://py2g.com
  GitHub: https://github.com/kylegrover/py2g
  Tech: Next.js, WASM
  Tags: browser, open-source, gcode, ide, wasm, webgpu
  Browser IDE for Python -> G-code via FullControl + Pyodide WASM. WebGPU visualization, AI code assist. Also Tauri desktop app.

  js2g (2025)
  URL: https://js2g.com
  GitHub: https://github.com/kylegrover/py2g
  Tech: Next.js, fullcontrol-js
  Tags: browser, open-source, gcode, ide, javascript, webgpu
  Browser IDE for JavaScript -> G-code via fullcontrol-js. Zero WASM overhead, instant execution. Shares platform with py2g.

  ManifoldCAD (2022)
  URL: https://manifoldcad.org/
  Tech: WASM
  Tags: browser, open-source, csg, wasm, manifold
  Browser-based solid modeling using Manifold compiled to WASM. Script in JS/TS with near-native performance.

  Chili3D (2023)
  URL: https://chili3d.com/
  Tech: WASM, Three.js
  Tags: browser, open-source, brep, wasm, opencascade, gui
  Open-source browser-based 3D CAD. OpenCASCADE -> WASM + Three.js. Full modeling tools: sketches, booleans, fillets. Alpha stage.

  CADmium (2023)
  URL: https://github.com/CADmium-Co/CADmium
  Tech: Rust, WASM, SvelteKit
  Tags: browser, open-source, brep, wasm, rust, svelte
  Local-first browser CAD using the Truck Rust kernel -> WASM. SvelteKit UI. Early prototype targeting 3D printing hobbyists.

  CascadeStudio (2020)
  URL: https://zalo.github.io/CascadeStudio/
  Tech: JavaScript, WASM
  Tags: browser, open-source, brep, wasm, opencascade, scripting
  Live-scripted browser CAD using opencascade.js. Write JavaScript, see 3D results instantly. Monaco editor with autocomplete.

  Replicad (2022)
  URL: https://replicad.xyz/
  GitHub: https://github.com/sgenoud/replicad
  Tech: TypeScript, WASM
  Tags: browser, open-source, brep, wasm, opencascade, typescript
  JS/TS library for building 3D models in the browser on opencascade.js. CadQuery-inspired API. Online workbench included.

  JSCAD
  URL: https://www.jscad.xyz/
  Tech: JavaScript
  Tags: browser, open-source, csg, javascript
  Runs entirely in the browser. Also CLI for server-side and experimental desktop app.

  CadHub (2021)
  URL: https://cadhub.xyz/
  Tech: Browser
  Tags: browser, open-source, community, openscad, cadquery
  Community platform for sharing code-CAD designs. Integrates OpenSCAD, CadQuery, and JSCAD in the browser.

  OpenCascade.js (2020)
  URL: https://ocjs.org/
  Tech: WASM
  Tags: wasm, open-source, opencascade, kernel, browser
  The foundational WASM port of OpenCASCADE powering CascadeStudio, Replicad, Chili3D, and others. Near-native speeds with multi-threading.

  Pyodide (2019)
  URL: https://pyodide.org/
  Tech: WASM, Python
  Tags: wasm, open-source, python, browser
  CPython compiled to WebAssembly. Powers py2g and JupyterLite. Could theoretically run CadQuery/Build123d in the browser.


================================================================================
PEN PLOTTER & 2D FABRICATION
================================================================================
Tools for driving drawing machines and converting images to plotter-friendly vector art. See awesome-plotters for a comprehensive resource list.


  vpype (2020)
  URL: https://github.com/abey79/vpype
  Tech: Python, CLI
  Tags: python, open-source, plotter, svg, cli, pipeline
  CLI pipeline for creating, modifying, and optimizing SVGs for plotting. Path reordering, line merging, simplification, hatching, and more. Extensible via plugins (vpype-gcode, pixel art, halftoning). Hardware-accelerated viewer.

  oneliner (2024)
  URL: https://github.com/kylegrover/oneliner
  Tech: Rust
  Tags: rust, open-source, plotter, image-processing, single-line
  Converts images to a single continuous line. Sub-pixel edge detection (Canny/Devernay, IPOL 2017), then Kruskal's MST + Euler tour optimization for an unbroken plotter path.

  idraw-extensions (2024)
  URL: https://github.com/kylegrover/idraw-extensions
  Tech: Python, C/C++, Inkscape
  Tags: python, c, open-source, plotter, inkscape, laser
  Suite of Inkscape extensions for iDraw plotters (AxiDraw variant, 16T GT2 belt, 0.01mm precision). Hatch fill, SVG reordering, direct serial control, laser engraving.

  AxiDraw / NextDraw Software
  URL: https://github.com/evil-mad/axidraw
  Tech: Python, Inkscape
  Tags: python, open-source, plotter, axidraw, inkscape
  Official software for AxiDraw and Bantam Tools NextDraw plotters. Inkscape extensions + Python API for programmatic control.

  DrawBot (2003)
  URL: https://www.drawbot.com/
  Tech: Python, macOS
  Tags: python, open-source, plotter, generative-art, macos
  macOS app for Python-scripted 2D graphics. Exports PDF, SVG, PNG, animated GIF. Popular for generative art. Also see drawbot-skia for cross-platform.

  vsketch (2021)
  URL: https://github.com/abey79/vsketch
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, plotter, generative-art, creative-coding
  Python generative art toolkit for plotter art. Processing-like API with vpype integration. Parametric sketches, interactive viewer, SVG export.

  PlotterFiles
  URL: https://plotterfiles.com/
  Tech: Community
  Tags: community, plotter, svg, free
  Community platform for sharing free SVGs designed for pen plotters and 2D CNC machines.

  devernay_1.0
  URL: https://github.com/kylegrover/devernay_1.0
  Tech: C89
  Tags: c, open-source, image-processing, edge-detection, academic
  ANSI C89 implementation of the Canny/Devernay sub-pixel edge detection algorithm (IPOL 2017). Outputs contours as TXT/PDF/SVG. Core dependency of oneliner.


================================================================================
EMERGING APPROACHES
================================================================================
New paradigms for programmatic design  --  AI-assisted CAD, topology optimization, and generative design.

--- AI-Assisted CAD ---
Using machine learning and large language models to generate or assist with CAD design.

  Zoo.dev (formerly KittyCAD) (2021)
  URL: https://zoo.dev/
  Tech: Rust, KCL, API
  Tags: commercial, ai, api, cad, text-to-cad, kcl
  API-first CAD engine with an AI-powered modeling assistant. Text-to-CAD, code generation, geometry API. KCL scripting language. Backed by substantial VC funding.

  FullControl LLM Reference
  URL: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FullControlXYZ/fullcontrol/refs/heads/master/llm_ref.md
  Tech: Reference
  Tags: ai, reference, gcode, llm, fullcontrol
  Machine-readable reference designed for LLMs to generate FullControl code. Useful for AI-assisted G-code design.

--- Topology Optimization & Generative Design ---
Algorithms that determine optimal material distribution given loads and constraints.

  TopOpt (DTU)
  URL: https://www.topopt.mek.dtu.dk/
  Tech: Python, MATLAB
  Tags: python, matlab, open-source, topology-optimization, academic
  Reference implementations of topology optimization from the Technical University of Denmark. 99-line MATLAB code, 250-line Python, educational resources. The academic starting point.

  Topy (2012)
  URL: https://github.com/williamhunter/topy
  Tech: Python
  Tags: python, open-source, topology-optimization, simp
  Lightweight Python topology optimization library using the SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) method. 2D and 3D, educational code.

  FreeCAD FEM + Topology
  URL: https://wiki.freecad.org/FEM_Workbench
  Tech: Python, FreeCAD
  Tags: python, open-source, topology-optimization, fea, freecad
  FreeCAD's FEM workbench includes topology optimization via Calculix. Scriptable from Python.

  DL4TO (2022)
  URL: https://github.com/dl4to/dl4to
  Tech: Python, PyTorch
  Tags: python, open-source, topology-optimization, deep-learning, pytorch
  Deep Learning for Topology Optimization. PyTorch-based framework for data-driven topology optimization. Train neural networks to predict optimal material distributions.

--- Creative Coding for Fabrication ---
General-purpose creative coding tools that can produce output for CNC, 3D printing, or laser cutting.

  Processing (2001)
  URL: https://processing.org/
  Tech: Java
  Tags: java, open-source, creative-coding, generative-art, svg
  The original creative coding environment. Export 2D graphics as SVG for plotting/laser cutting, or generate 3D geometry for printing. Massive community and educational resources.

  p5.js (2014)
  URL: https://p5js.org/
  Tech: JavaScript
  Tags: javascript, open-source, creative-coding, browser, svg
  JavaScript port of Processing for the browser. SVG export for plotter art. WebGL mode for 3D. Enormous community.

  Paper.js (2011)
  URL: http://paperjs.org/
  Tech: JavaScript
  Tags: javascript, open-source, creative-coding, svg, vector
  Vector graphics scripting framework for the browser. Boolean operations on paths, SVG import/export. Good for generative plotter art.

  Observable / D3.js
  URL: https://observablehq.com/
  Tech: JavaScript
  Tags: javascript, creative-coding, svg, data-viz, browser
  Notebook-style coding environment with D3.js for data-driven SVG generation. Increasingly used for parametric plotter art and data-physicalization.

  Beetle Blocks (2014)
  URL: https://github.com/ericrosenbaum/BeetleBlocks
  Tech: JavaScript, Scratch
  Tags: javascript, open-source, creative-coding, visual-programming, education, 3d-printing
  Scratch-like visual programming for 3D-printable designs. Block-based coding creates turtle-graphics-style 3D geometry. Great for education.

--- Julia Ecosystem ---
CAD and computational geometry tools in Julia  --  a growing niche for scientific computing workflows.

  Descartes.jl (2016)
  URL: https://github.com/JuliaGeometry/Descartes.jl
  Tech: Julia
  Tags: julia, open-source, csg, solid-modeling
  Software-defined solid modeling in Julia. Part of the JuliaGeometry organization. CSG operations, mesh generation.

  Comodo.jl (2023)
  URL: https://github.com/COMODO-research/Comodo.jl
  Tech: Julia
  Tags: julia, open-source, computational-mechanics, mesh, fea
  Computational mechanics and design framework in Julia. Mesh processing, FEA integration, lattice generation for additive manufacturing.

  Meshes.jl (2020)
  URL: https://github.com/JuliaGeometry/Meshes.jl
  Tech: Julia
  Tags: julia, open-source, mesh, computational-geometry
  Computational geometry and meshing algorithms in Julia. Points, polygons, polyhedra, mesh generation, spatial operations. Part of JuliaGeometry.


================================================================================
RESOURCES & REFERENCES
================================================================================
Documentation, firmware references, essential tooling, and community links.

--- G-Code & Firmware ---

  Klipper G-Code Reference
  URL: https://www.klipper3d.org/G-Codes.html
  Tech: Reference
  Tags: reference, gcode, klipper, firmware
  Complete command reference for Klipper firmware. Essential for understanding what your printer supports.

  FullControl LLM Reference
  URL: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/FullControlXYZ/fullcontrol/refs/heads/master/llm_ref.md
  Tech: Reference
  Tags: reference, gcode, fullcontrol, ai
  Machine-readable reference designed for LLMs to generate FullControl code. Useful for AI-assisted G-code design.

  FullControl GCode Designer (Legacy)
  URL: https://fullcontrolgcode.com/
  Tech: Excel
  Tags: reference, gcode, fullcontrol, excel, historic
  The original 2020 FullControl  --  G-code generation via geometric "features" in Microsoft Excel.

  RepRap G-Code Reference
  URL: https://reprap.org/wiki/G-code
  Tech: Reference
  Tags: reference, gcode, 3d-printing, wiki
  Community-maintained wiki of all G-code commands used in 3D printing. Covers Marlin, RepRapFirmware, Klipper, Smoothieware variants.

  LinuxCNC G-Code Reference
  URL: https://linuxcnc.org/docs/html/gcode/g-code.html
  Tech: Reference
  Tags: reference, gcode, cnc, linuxcnc
  Comprehensive G-code and M-code documentation for LinuxCNC. RS-274/NGC dialect with extensions.

--- Development Tools ---

  uv (2024)
  URL: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv
  Tech: Rust
  Tags: python, open-source, tooling, package-manager
  Extremely fast Python package manager. Used in py2g's Tauri desktop app for per-sketch virtual environments.

  Ruff (2022)
  URL: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff
  Tech: Rust
  Tags: python, open-source, tooling, linter
  Fast Python linter and formatter. Useful for code-CAD scripts.

  OCP CAD Viewer (2022)
  URL: https://github.com/bernhard-42/vscode-ocp-cad-viewer
  Tech: VS Code
  Tags: vscode, open-source, cadquery, build123d, viewer
  VS Code extension for viewing CadQuery/Build123d models interactively. Essential for the Python code-CAD workflow.

--- Meta-Lists & Communities ---

  curated-code-cad
  URL: https://github.com/Irev-Dev/curated-code-cad
  Tech: Resource
  Tags: resource, list, code-cad, community
  The definitive list of code-CAD projects. Maintained by the CadHub team.

  awesome-cadquery
  URL: https://github.com/CadQuery/awesome-cadquery
  Tech: Resource
  Tags: resource, list, cadquery, build123d
  Curated list of CadQuery/Build123d resources, plugins, and examples.

  awesome-plotters
  URL: https://github.com/beardicus/awesome-plotters
  Tech: Resource
  Tags: resource, list, plotter, community
  Curated list of code, resources, hardware, and community links for pen plotters and visual art robots.

  PlotterFiles
  URL: https://plotterfiles.com/
  Tech: Community
  Tags: community, plotter, svg
  Community for sharing plotter-ready SVGs.